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Chemical Engineering Design : Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design.
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ISBN
9780080966601
-- 9780080966595
Author
Towler, Gavin
Title
Chemical Engineering Design : : Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design.
2nd ed.
Description
1 online resource (1321 pages)
Contents
Front Cover -- Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- How to Use This Book -- Part I: Process Design -- Part II: Plant Design -- Supplementary Material -- Acknowledgments -- Part 1: Process Design -- 1 Introduction to Design -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nature of Design -- 1.2.1 The Design Objective (The Need) -- 1.2.2 Setting the Design Basis -- 1.2.3 Generation of Possible Design Concepts -- 1.2.4 Fitness Testing -- 1.2.5 Economic Evaluation, Optimization, and Selection -- 1.2.6 Detailed Design and Equipment Selection -- 1.2.7 Procurement, Construction, and Operation -- 1.3 The Organization of a Chemical Engineering Project -- 1.4 Project Documentation -- 1.4.1 Design Documents -- Calculation Sheets -- Drawings -- Specification Sheets -- Process Manuals -- Operating Manuals -- 1.4.2 Design Reports -- 1.5 Codes and Standards -- 1.6 Design Factors (Design Margins) -- 1.7 Systems of Units -- 1.8 Product Design -- 1.8.1 New Chemical Products -- New Molecules -- New Formulations -- New Materials -- New Equipment and Devices -- 1.8.2 Understanding Customer Needs -- 1.8.3 Developing Product Specifications -- Quality Function Deployment -- 1.8.4 Fitness Testing -- Prototype Testing -- Safety and Efficacy Testing -- References -- Nomenclature -- Problems -- 2 Process Flowsheet Development -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Flowsheet Presentation -- 2.2.1 Block Diagrams -- 2.2.2 PFD Symbols -- 2.2.3 Presentation of Stream Flow Rates -- 2.2.4 Information to be Included -- Essential Information -- Optional Information -- 2.2.5 Layout -- 2.2.6 Precision of Data -- 2.2.7 Basis of the Calculation -- 2.2.8 Batch Processes -- 2.2.9 Utilities -- 2.2.10 Equipment Identification -- 2.2.11 Flowsheet Drafting Programs.
2.3 The Anatomy of a Chemical Manufacturing Process -- 2.3.1 Components of a Chemical Process -- Stage 1. Raw Material Storage -- Stage 2. Feed Preparation -- Stage 3. Reaction -- Stage 4. Product Separation -- Stage 5. Purification -- Stage 6. Product Storage -- Ancillary Processes -- 2.3.2 Continuous and Batch Processes -- Choice of Continuous versus Batch Production -- 2.3.3 Effect of Reactor Conversion and Yield on Flowsheet Structure -- Conversion -- Selectivity -- Yield -- Effect of Conversion, Selectivity, and Yield on Flowsheet Structure -- Use of Excess Reagent -- Sources of Conversion, Selectivity, and Yield Data -- 2.3.4 Recycles and Purges -- Purge -- Bypass -- 2.4 Selection, Modification, and Improvement of Commercially-Proven Processes -- 2.4.1 Sources of Information on Manufacturing Processes -- Patents -- Consultants -- Vendors -- 2.4.2 Factors Considered in Process Selection -- Freedom to Practice -- Safety and Environmental Performance -- Government and International Restrictions -- Experience and Reliability -- 2.4.3 Modification and Improvement of Established Processes -- Modifications to Improve Process Economics -- Modifications to Improve Plant Safety -- Modifications to Improve Plant Reliability -- Modifications to Improve Environmental Impact -- 2.5 Revamps of Existing Plants -- 2.5.1 Flowsheet Development in Revamp Projects -- 2.5.2 Major Equipment Debottlenecking -- Reactor Debottlenecking -- Separation Column Debottlenecking -- 2.5.3 Revamp of Heat Exchange Networks -- Heat Exchangers -- Heaters and Coolers -- 2.5.4 Revamp of Plant Hydraulics -- Compressors -- Pumps -- Control Valves -- 2.6 Synthesis of Novel Flowsheets -- 2.6.1 Overall Procedure for Flowsheet Synthesis -- Step 1. Initial Economics -- Step 2. Set Yield Targets -- Step 3. Preliminary Economic Assessment -- Step 4. Refine Process Structure.
Step 5. PFD Review -- Step 6. Preliminary Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) -- Step 7. Revise Economic Assessment -- 2.6.2 Economic Analysis in Process Synthesis -- 2.6.3 Use of Targets in Process Synthesis -- 2.6.4 Use of Heuristic Rules in Process Synthesis -- 2.6.5 Role of Optimization in Process Synthesis -- 2.7 PFD Review -- 2.7.1 PFD Review Procedure -- 2.7.2 PFD Review Documentation and Issue Resolution -- 2.8 Overall Procedure for Flowsheet Development -- References -- Nomenclature -- Problems -- 3 Utilities and Energy Efficient Design -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Utilities -- 3.2.1 Electricity -- 3.2.2 Fired Heat -- 3.2.3 Steam -- 3.2.4 Hot Oil and Heat Transfer Fluids -- 3.2.5 Cooling Water -- 3.2.6 Refrigeration -- 3.2.7 Water -- Demineralized Water -- 3.2.8 Compressed Air -- Cooling Air -- 3.2.9 Nitrogen -- 3.3 Energy Recovery -- 3.3.1 Heat Exchange -- 3.3.2 Waste-heat Boilers -- 3.3.3 High-temperature Reactors -- 3.3.4 High-pressure Process Streams -- Gas Streams -- Liquid Streams -- 3.3.5 Heat Pumps -- 3.4 Waste Stream Combustion -- 3.4.1 Reactor Off-gases -- 3.4.2 Liquid and Solid Wastes -- 3.5 Heat-exchanger Networks -- 3.5.1 Pinch Technology -- Simple Two-stream Problem -- Four-stream Problem -- Thermodynamic Significance of the Pinch -- 3.5.2 The Problem Table Method -- Summary -- 3.5.3 Heat-exchanger Network Design -- Grid Representation -- Network Design for Maximum Energy Recovery -- Network Design Above the Pinch -- Network Design Below the Pinch -- Stream Splitting -- Summary -- 3.5.4 Minimum Number of Exchangers -- 3.5.5 Threshold Problems -- 3.5.6 Determining Utility Consumption -- 3.5.7 Process Integration: Integration of Other Process Operations -- 3.5.8 Computer Tools for Heat-exchanger Network Design -- 3.6 Energy Management in Unsteady Processes -- 3.6.1 Differential Energy Balances.
3.6.2 Energy Recovery in Batch and Cyclic Processes -- Semi-continuous Operation -- Sequencing Multiple Batches -- Indirect Heat Recovery -- References -- Nomenclature -- Problems -- 4 Process Simulation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Process Simulation Programs -- 4.3 Specification of Components -- 4.3.1 Pure Components -- 4.3.2 Pseudocomponents -- 4.3.3 Solids and Salts -- 4.3.4 User Components -- 4.4 Selection of Physical Property Models -- 4.4.1 Sources of Physical Property Data -- 4.4.2 Prediction of Physical Properties -- Group Contribution Methods -- Reduced Properties -- 4.4.3 Phase-equilibrium Models -- 4.4.4 Prediction of Phase-equilibrium Constants -- Group Contribution Methods -- Sour-water Systems -- Electrolyte Systems -- Vapor-liquid Equilibrium at High Pressures -- Liquid-liquid Equilibrium -- 4.4.5 Choice of Phase-equilibrium Model for Design Calculations -- 4.4.6 Validation of Physical Property Models -- 4.5 Simulation of Unit Operations -- 4.5.1 Reactors -- Conversion Reactor (Stoichiometric Reactor) -- Equilibrium Reactor -- Gibbs Reactor -- Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) -- Plug-flow Reactor (PFR) -- Yield Shift Reactor -- Modeling Real Reactors -- 4.5.2 Distillation -- Shortcut Models -- Rigorous Models -- Column Convergence -- Complex Columns for Fractionation -- Column Sizing -- 4.5.3 Other Separations -- Component Splitter Models -- 4.5.4 Heat Exchange -- 4.5.5 Hydraulics -- 4.5.6 Solids Handling -- 4.6 User Models -- 4.6.1 Spreadsheet Models -- 4.6.2 User Subroutines -- 4.7 Flowsheets With Recycle -- 4.7.1 Tearing the Flowsheet -- 4.7.2 Convergence Methods -- Successive Substitution (Direct Substitution) -- Bounded Wegstein -- Newton and Quasi-Newton Methods -- 4.7.3 Manual Calculations -- 4.7.4 Convergence Problems -- 4.8 Flowsheet Optimization -- 4.8.1 Use of Controllers.
4.8.2 Optimization Using Process Simulation Software -- 4.9 Dynamic Simulation -- References -- Nomenclature -- Problems -- 5 Instrumentation and Process Control -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The P& -- I Diagram -- 5.2.1 Symbols and Layout -- 5.2.2 Basic Symbols -- Control Valves -- Actuators -- Instrument Lines -- Failure Mode -- General Instrument and Controller Symbols -- Distributed Control-Shared Display Symbols -- Other Common Symbols -- Type of Instrument -- 5.3 Process Instrumentation and Control -- 5.3.1 Instruments -- 5.3.2 Instrumentation and Control Objectives -- 5.3.3 Automatic Control Schemes -- Guide Rules -- 5.4 Conventional Control Schemes -- 5.4.1 Level Control -- 5.4.2 Pressure Control -- 5.4.3 Flow Control -- 5.4.4 Heat Exchangers -- Condenser Control -- Reboiler and Vaporizer Control -- 5.4.5 Cascade Control -- 5.4.6 Ratio Control -- 5.4.7 Distillation Column Control -- 5.4.8 Reactor Control -- 5.5 Alarms, Safety Trips, and Interlocks -- 5.5.1 Interlocks -- 5.6 Batch Process Control -- 5.7 Computer Control Systems -- References -- Problems -- 6 Materials of Construction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Material Properties -- 6.3 Mechanical Properties -- 6.3.1 Tensile Strength -- 6.3.2 Stiffness -- 6.3.3 Toughness -- 6.3.4 Hardness -- 6.3.5 Fatigue -- 6.3.6 Creep -- 6.3.7 Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties -- 6.4 Corrosion Resistance -- 6.4.1 Uniform Corrosion -- 6.4.2 Galvanic Corrosion -- 6.4.3 Pitting -- 6.4.4 Intergranular Corrosion -- 6.4.5 Effect of Stress -- 6.4.6 Erosion-corrosion -- 6.4.7 High-temperature Oxidation and Sulfidation -- 6.4.8 Hydrogen Embrittlement -- 6.5 Selection for Corrosion Resistance -- 6.5.1 Corrosion Charts -- 6.6 Material Costs -- 6.7 Contamination -- 6.7.1 Surface Finish -- 6.8 Commonly Used Materials of Construction -- 6.8.1 Iron and Steel -- 6.8.2 Stainless Steel -- Types.
Mechanical Properties.
Subject
Chemical engineering
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Electronic books.
Other name(s)
Sinnott, Ray
Ebook Link
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gutech-ebooks/detail.action?docID=858659
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Authors:
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Towler, Gavin
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